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    Notes:
  1. Fraile de la merced death of Monctezuma. Page 246 bernal diaz del castillo
  2. Page 307 monctezuma protects image of our lady by hidding it
  1. Death (killing) of Montezuma
  2. Tenochtitlan MAP
  3. El Mapa de las tierras de Oztotícpac Causa de la condena de Carlos Ometochtzin
  4. Psalmodia christiana
  5. Virgen de Los Remedios Cholula
  6. Virgen de Los Remedios
  7. Codex Escalada 1548
  8. Codex Escalada 1548 more
  9. Guadalupe Miracle - Comet Halley appears 1531
  10. Arcane Knowledge
  11. Cortes travels
  12. Vasco de Quiroga
  13. Sta Clara del Cobre
  14. Aguilar marooned priest
  15. Obsidian mirrors forsee future
    Obsidian mirrors were used ritually to spiritually access the Aztec underworld and communicate with the realm of the dead.[72] The name of the important Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca means "Smoking Mirror" and he was apparently the supernatural embodiment of a polished obsidian mirror. Depictions of the god frequently replace one of his feet with a smoking mirror and position another at the back of his head.[6] Spanish chronicler Diego Durán described the image of Tezcatlipoca in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan as being fashioned from polished obsidian and bearing a mirror of polished gold.
  16. Tezcalipoca
  17. Temple Massacre
  18. Pedro de Alvarado
  19. Conquest through Aztec Eyes (touching poem)
    Quauhtemoc, who replaced Moctezuma as ruler, then surrendered. His name means “Descending Eagle,” or metaphorically, “The Setting Sun.” In 1523 an Aztec poet repeated these lines: Nothing but flowers and songs of sorrow are left in Mexico and Tlatelolco, where once we saw warriors and wise men.
  20. Aztec After Life
  21. Catalina Juarez wife murdered by Cortes
  22. Catalina Juarez more about her death
  23. Nican Mopohua
  24. Topiltzin
  25. Soldiers
  26. The Warrior
  27. Tzilacatzin
  28. The warrior
  29. The warrior
  30. The warrior
  31. Guerreros que no se rindieron
  32. The warrior ranks
  33. The warrior
  34. The warrior
  35. Cuitlahuac
  36. Aztec Mother Goddess
  37. Guadalupe Event
  38. Guadalupe Secret Codes
  39. Juan Diego
  40. Antonio Valeriano
  41. Congregation for the Saints
  42. Carlos_Ometochtzin
  43. Painter Marcos Cipac de Aquino
  44. Disagreements?
  45. More Disagreements?
  46. In depth study
  47. In depth study
  48. In depth study
  49. In depth study
  50. In depth study
  51. In depth study
  52. In depth study
  53. In depth study
  54. Other University study
  55. Nican Mopohua
  56. Codices Nican Mopohua
  57. More Disagreements?
  58. Anales de Juan Buatista
  59. Juan de Zumarraga
    he left for spain 5 months after the miracle! Although Zumárraga was appointed bishop on August 20, 1530, he was not consecrated until April 27, 1533.[5] Zumárraga, as Protector of the Indians, endeavored to defend them. His position was a critical one; the Spanish monarchy had defined neither the extent of his jurisdiction nor his duties as Protector of the Indians. Moreover, he had not received official consecration as bishop, and was thus at a disadvantage when he attempted to exercise his authority. The Indians appealed to him as protector with all manner of complaints. His own Franciscans, who had so long labored for the welfare of the Indians, pressed him to put an end to the excesses of the auditors. It was clear that he must have had an open conflict with the civil officials of the colony, relying only on his spiritual prerogatives, which commanded no respect from these immoral and unprincipled men. Some members of other religious orders, perhaps envious of the influence of the Franciscans, upheld the persecution of the Indians. Bishop Zumárraga attempted to notify the Spanish court of the course of events, but the auditors had established a successful censorship of all letters and communications from New Spain. Finally, a Basque ("Biscayne") sailor concealed a letter in a cake of wax which he immersed in a barrel of oil.[4] Meanwhile, news reached Mexico that Cortés had been well received at the Spanish court and was about to return to New Spain. Fearful of the consequences, Nuño de Guzmán left Mexico City on December 22, 1529, and began his famous expedition to Michoacán, Jalisco, and Sinaloa. The remaining auditors retained power and continued their outrages. In the early part of 1530 they dragged a priest and a former servant of Cortés from a church, quartered him and tortured his servant. Zumárraga placed the city under interdict, and the Franciscans retired to Texcoco. At Easter the interdict was lifted, but the auditors were excommunicated for a year. On July 15, 1530, Cortés, now titled Captain General of New Spain, reached Vera Cruz. The Crown appointed new auditors, among them Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal, Bishop of Santo Domingo, and the lawyer Vasco de Quiroga, who later became the first Bishop of Michoacán.[4] In December of the same year, the new Audiencia, the ensemble of auditors, reached Mexico and, with them, an era of peace for both Zumárraga and the Indians. Matienzo and Delgadillo were sent to Spain as prisoners, but Nuño de Guzmán escaped, being then absent in Sinaloa. Meantime the calumnies spread by the enemies of Zumárraga and the partisans of the first auditor had shaken the confidence of the Spanish Court, and he set sail in May 1532 under orders to return to Spain. On his arrival he met his implacable enemy Delgadillo, who, though still under indictment, continued his calumnies. As a result of Delgadillo's charges, Charles V held back the Bull of Clement VII, originally dated September 2, 1530, that would have named Zumárraga bishop. Zumárraga, however, had little difficulty vindicating his good name, and was consecrated bishop at Valladolid on April 27, 1533 by Diego Ribera de Toledo, Bishop of Segovia, with Francisco Zamora de Orello, Titular Bishop of Brefny, and Francisco Solís, Bishop of Drivasto, as Co-Consecrators.[5] After another year in Spain working for favourable concessions for the Indians, he reached Mexico in October 1534, accompanied by a number of mechanics and six female teachers for the Indian girls. He no longer held the title of Protector of the Indians, as it was thought that the new auditors would refrain from the abuses of prior regimes. On November 14, 1535, with the arrival of the first viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the rule of the new auditors ended. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Juan Lopez de Zárate, Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca (1537); Francisco Marroquín Hurtado, Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala (1537); and Vasco de Quiroga, Bishop of Michoacán (1539).[5] Evangelization efforts
  60. Juan de Zumarraga grave
  61. Magician priest Pedro Ruiz de Calderon
  62. Andres de Olmos
  63. Juan Ortiz de Matienzo
  64. Diego Delgadillo
  65. Sebastian Ramirez de Fuenleal
  66. Vasco de Quiroga
  67. Antonio de Mendoza
  68. Juan Pablos
  69. Vocabularion Mexicano
  70. Ladder of Divine Ascent
  71. Cartas de Cortez
  72. Cortez National Geographic
  73. Carlos V
  74. Hernan Cortes
  75. Cortez Landing
  76. Cortez Trail
  77. Conquest
  78. Omens
  79. Monks
  80. Monks more
  81. Bernardino de Sahagun
  82. Codices
  83. Sahagun
  84. Codex 1548 (link lost)
  85. Historiography Sahagun Critical
  86. epidemics
  87. Aztec Empire Guggenheim museum original
  88. Aztec Empire Guggenheim museum downloaded
  89. Cuicuilco and volcano Xitle
  90. Xitle
  91. History of our Lady of Guadalupe
  92. History of our Lady of Guadalupe..more
  93. Uppsala Map of Mexico City
  94. Franciscans and New Mexico
  95. Map Mexico City 1754-figures Guadalupe
  96. Hernan Cortes Letters
  97. Popocatépetl eruptions( add to time line )
  98. Monctezuma and the magician
    In 1502 the last emperor, Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin, became king. He was not a warrior like his predecessor, but a superstitious priest. Leaders were believed to have communication with the gods, and thus needed to contemplate the divine order. After a series of omens that included a comet in the eastern sky (Wrong Belief: Halley appeared 1531 [later believed to be Halley’s Comet]) and old people’s dreams of the Templo Mayor in flames, Moctezuma was visited by a magician from the east who claimed he had seen ‘a round hill moving upon the waters.’ Moctezuma sent his emissaries to greet the visitors, and in 1519 he took Hernán Cortés by the hand to see the view of Tenochtitlán from the Tlatelolco pyramid (now the site of the Foreign Relations complex).
  99. Nevado de Toluca
    There are 18 registered archeological sites in the park, as this was a ritual center during pre-Hispanic periods. Bernardino de Sahagún wrote about the lakes as a place where the indigenous held ceremonies and sacrifices.
  100. Xiuhtecuhtli, lord of Volcanoes
  101. Volcanoes
    In August, 1519; Cortes observed that: "Eight leagues from this city...there are two marvelously high mountains whose summits still at the end of August are covered with snow so that nothing else can be seen of them. From the higher of the two both by day and night a great volume of smoke often comes forth and rises up into the clouds as straight as a staff, with such force that although a very violent wind continuously blows over the mountain range yet it cannot change the direction of the column."
  102. Cerro de la estrella in horizon map
    Historical sources establish that ancient inhabitants of the Mexican Plateau knew this place as Huizachtecatl. The site was very important since the “New Fire” ritual ceremony was performed here; it had a profound meaning for the population here and in surrounding regions.
  103. Cerro de la Estrella
    the 52 year cycle history
  104. Calixtlahuaca
    The town of Tecaxic was conquered by the mexicas and became dominated by the Aztecs at about 1476 AD., during the reign of Tlatoani Axayacatl. As the city was destroyed, the Aztecs built a new city that was then called Calixtlahuaca. In 1510, the Matlatzinca tried to end the Aztec tutelage and Moctezuma II immediately ordered the city destroyed and the inhabitants fled west towards Michoacán. Later, the city was repopulated by various groups
  105. Codice Florentino-Sahagun
  106. Codice Florentiono ..mas
  107. Bernardino de Sahagun-Bio
  108. Religion Colonial Mexico
    Friars Inquisition Diego de Landa
  109. Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco
    (many franciscan scholars named here: Sahagun, Zummarraga, study them)
  110. Bio Bernardino de Sahagun
    a fear that the indigenous people would adopt Mary’s image as the image of their own pre-existing Mother of the Gods, brought Sahagun, and other Franciscans, to participate in the “Franciscan conspiracy of silence as to the apparition and miracles”234 of the Lady of Guadalupe. Their initial, violent rejection of the “Mariophany of Tepeyac,”235 was firmly based on the “fear of seeing the Indians continuing to adore under the name Tonantzin the old Mother of Gods rather than the Virgin Mary.”23
  111. 1531 Apianus Records Comet Halley
  112. Mexico City Map 1754 shows Guadalupe
  113. EN EXHIBICIÓN COPIA DEL ESTANDARTE ORIGINAL QUE USÓ HERNÁN CORTÉS CUANDO LLEGÓ A MÉXICO
  114. Estandarte de Hernan Cortes
    Notece el parecido con la imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe
  115. Banner of Hernan Cortes
  116. Virgen de los Milagros
    Before it, prayed men like Columbus, The Pinzon Brothers, and the men who participated in the first expeditions of Columbus and in subsequent ones that departed to the Americas from this zone.[1] Likewise, in their visits to the Franciscan monastery, many prostrated themselves, among others, Hernán Cortés, Gonzalo de Sandoval (who died in the monastery and was buried in it) and Francisco Pizarro.[2]
  117. Coat_of_arms_of_Hernando_Cortes
  118. Mexican Inquisition
    The official period of the Inquisition lasted from 1571 to 1820, with an unknown number of victims.[1][2] Although records are incomplete, one historian estimates that about 50 people were executed by the Mexican Inquisition.[3] Included in that total are 29 people executed as "Judaizers" between 1571 and 1700 (out of 324 people prosecuted) for practicing the Jewish religion.[4]
  119. Diario Excelsior Padre Escalada codice 1548
    El padre Escalada, que en México murió, en octubre de 2007, fue colaborador de Excélsior y autor de innumerables libros, muchos de ellos con valiosas imágenes y calificados como libros de arte. Autor también de una valiosa Enciclopedia guadalupana, en cinco tomos.
  120. Insigne Nacional Basilica de Guadalupe Documentos
  121. Tira de Tepechpan
    Se ha señalado que las tres figuras representadas en la Tira son parte de una escena asociada a los acontecimientos del día 26 de diciembre de 1531, cuando Cortés y Zumárraga habrían presidido una procesión al cerro del Tepeyac, sitio adonde se trasladó la imagen recién aparecida de la Virgen de Guadalupe. En la lámina 16 de la mencionada tira cronológica se describe el arribo del presidente de la Segunda Audiencia, don Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal, quien llegó a la Nueva España en 3 de septiembre de 1531, año como es sabido, el mismo de las mariofanías guadalupanas en el Tepeyac. Incluso los remanentes de una glosa en lengua náhuatl hacen alusión precisamente al arribo del otrora obispo de Santo Domingo. A la izquierda del mencionado personaje es posible reconocer la efigie de fray Juan de Zumárraga, acompañado de otro individuo, lo que ha brindado algunos elementos para sugerir que el contingente de personajes describe la procesión al Tepeyac
  122. Códice Techialoyan
    Siglo 18 Posiblemente sí sea la Virgen de Guadalupe la pictografía que aparece en el folio 3v. de dicho códice como patrona del pueblo, a lo que se han inclinado autoridades como Robert H. Barlow y Byron McAfee, pero siendo una pieza tardía, la prueba no resulta de especial contundencia
  123. Testamento de la hija de Juan Garcia Martin
    Describe el matrimonio de Juan Diego y como presencio a la virgen de Guadalupe
  124. Codice 1548 Escalada
    Como suele suceder, este extraordinario documento se encontraba guardado dentro de un libro, en un sobre de papel ”Manila”, olvidado y desconocida su importancia.
  125. Codice Escalada Wikipedia
    El Códice Escalada (o Códice 1548) es un documento descubierto en 1995 en una biblioteca particular, elaborado en piel curtida de animal de 13.3 por 20 cm; el códice tiene escrito el año 1548 (de donde toma uno de sus nombres) que sería el año de la muerte de san Juan Diego Cuauhtlactoatzin, además de algunas glosas en lengua náhuatl, que han sido estudiadas por investigadores en la lengua, como el sacerdote católico Mario Rojas Tena.1 El códice, además de las glosas, contiene imágenes de la virgen María y Juan Diego, la firma de fray Bernardino de Sahagún y el glifo de Antonio Valeriano. Se cree que el documento es del siglo XVI, aunque estudios realizados por el Vaticano lo ubican en una fecha más reciente.2
    Controversia
    Controversia-2
  126. Pruebas de la existencia de Juan Diego
    Chimalhuacan
  127. NEW BLANK PAGE
  128. Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666
    Doña Juana de la Concepción- The 85-year-old daughter of governor Don Lorenzo de San Francisco Haxtlatzontli. In her testimony, Juana claimed that her father made picture chronicles known as mapas and that he carefully compiled all that happened in his section of Mexico. This included the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe because he had known both Juan Diego and his uncle Juan Bernardino. Unfortunately, some thieves broke into his ranch and stole these mapas along with most of his possessions. According to Juana everything that her father put down about the apparition was “heard [by her father] when he was fifteen years old from the mouth of Juan Diego himself, and he portrayed it exactly as Juan Diego had told him.”
  129. Diaspora de la virgen de Guadalupe
    Esta es la imagen más antigua de la Virgen de Guadalupe en Roma
    Antecedentes iconográficos de la imagen de la Virgen
  130. 1555 Appoval of Guadalupe Miracle
    Alonso de Montúfar y Bravo de Lagunas, O.P., was a Spanish Dominican friar and prelate of the Catholic Church, who ruled as the second Archbishop of Mexico from 1551 to his death in 1572. He approved and promoted the devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe that arose during his reign.
  131. Comets over Mexico
    . That night Motecuhzoma went up to an observation platform on a rooftop and very attentively watched the heavens.At midnight, he saw the comet with that beautiful, glittering train; it filled him with amazement and he sank into a profound melancholy.
  132. Analysis Cambridge University
  133. Alonso de Montúfar and Our Lady of Guadalupe
    Beyond doubt, a cult of Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Guadalupe existed at Tepeyac by 1556, when the cult figured in an investigation that was carried out by Archbishop Alonso de Montúfar
  134. Chronology of Events
    1529: Problems arose between the Spanish who established the government of the Primera Audiencia and the evangelizing missionaries. There was a plot to assassinate the bishop Juan de Zumárraga, but he escaped harm.
  135. Malinche
    Lienzo de Tlaxcala, Hernán Cortés and La Malinche meet Moctezuma II in Tenochtitlan, November 8, 1519. Facsimile (c. 1890) of Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library, the University of California, Berkeley.
  136. EWTN History of Guadalupe
  137. Timeline Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe
  138. Guzmán, Nuño Beltrán de (c. 1485–1558)
    Of the lower nobility of Guadalajara, Spain, Guzmán became noted for his corruption and brutality toward indigenous people. In Pánuco he earned the enmity of Hernán Cortés and other first conquerors by aggressively trying to expand his jurisdiction at their expense and, as audiencia president, by profiteering from the confiscation of their properties. Relations were not improved when in 1530 he tortured and then executed Cazonci, the Tarascan ruler of Michoacán, an ally of Cortés. In 1531, while Guzmán was still in Nueva Galicia, the first audiencia and its president were replaced, in part because of the complaints of such prominent figures as Bishop Juan de Zumárraga.
  139. Historiography, Lady of Guadalupe
    In 1995, while Juan Diego’s cause for canonization was being deliberated, the Jesuit scholar Xavier Escalada discovered a remarkable document painted on deerskin. The codex, which measures only 20 x 13 centimeters, was found by Escalada in a manila envelope inside a book, where it had been long forgotten in a private library in Querétaro. It depicts the Virgin of Guadalupe and Juan Diego on Tepeyac, and accompanying text mentions the apparition in 1531, the death of Juan Diego, and the year 1548. The codex bears the glyph of Antonio Valeriano, reputed author of the Nican mopohua or one of its variants, and is signed by Bernardino de Sahagún, the same Franciscan who had criticized the Guadalupe devotion as clandestine paganism. If authentic, the codex would solidify the historicity of basic facts of the traditional apparition narrative.
  140. Nuño de Guzmán
  141. Nuño de Guzmán...more
    The pictorial and accompanying documents contain arguments relating to a legal case from a town near Puebla, Mexico. These consist of complaints about labor and products provided in tributes to the Spanish colonizer and encomendero Nuño de Guzmán. This town was recruited by Hernando Cortés to present cases against the other Spaniard, who had usurped some of Cortés’s wealth and power when he went to Spain. Upon his return Cortés lobbied against Nuño de Guzmán, and the people of Huexotzinco joined in to complain about the heavy tribute demands of Nuño de Guzmán. The plaintiffs were successful in their suit both in Mexico and in Spain.
  142. Malinche
    Born in the village of Painala in southeastern Mexico, probably around 1500; died near Orizaba in 1531; parents' names not recorded; married Juan de Jaramillo, in 1523, after four years of a semiofficial liaison with Hernán Cortés; children: (with Cortés) Martín (b. 1520).
    more
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